Democracy phonetic transcription. See full list of phonetic symbols used in the Cambridge Dictionary. Democracy phonetic transcription

 
 See full list of phonetic symbols used in the Cambridge DictionaryDemocracy phonetic transcription  2

Romanization (latinization) is the representation of a written word or spoken speech with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, where the original language uses different writing characters such as Russian. The practice of using phonetic pronunciations in transcribed speech is useful for linguists and people who are learning a new language. Phonetics, from the Greek word fōnḗ, is the branch of linguistics that deals with the physical production and reception of sound. Having published his “Introduction to the Pronunciation of English” in 1962, Gimson effectively put a foundation for the transcription systems most widely used today. [ ], and , see. Among them are the following: 1. The [ə] is rhotacized, also known as r. So they don’t write /ˈpen/ — they. Learn more. 4. The IPA letter z is not normally used for dental or. yːɐ̯ øːɐ̯. [1] Viewed 75k times. This edition of Collins French Dictionary & Grammar has been revised and updated to offer extensive and relevant coverage of today's English and French, with thousands of phrases and examples guiding the user to the most appropriate translation. 95. I Valid and reliable phonetic transcription is central to the study and management of persons with communica- tive disorders. Windows: Segoe UI, Cambria, Calibri, Arial, Times New Roman, Tahoma or Lucida Sans Unicode. Click on "Export" and choose your preferred file format. si/ US /dɪˈmɑː. Shoes - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription shoes American English: [ˈʃuz] IPA /shOOz/ phonetic spelling Mike x0. If the speech rate is too fast for you, you can practice with slow-speed recordings. Edi Brata Mathla'ul Anwar University. w. /tak/ is said to be the phonemic transcription of takk, and to be made of a sequence of three phonemes, /t/, /a/, /k/. 75 x1 Lela x0. dzuma (kirizuma), and Xdu. It is a universal study and is not specific. This letter should not be confused with u-caron, which is used to indicate u in the third tone of Chinese language pinyin; compare. Phonetic Charts and Flash Cards. five transcription systems and links to fifteen datasets, as well as a web application, which permits users to conveniently test the power of the automatic translation across transcription systems. Country profile Full name: Germany Phonetic transcription: ʤə́ːmənɪj Nationality: German Phonetic transcription: dʒɜːmən/ Population: 83 million Ethnic groups: Danes, Frisians, sinti, roma, sorbs Official language(s): German Phonetic transcription: dʒɜːmən Neighboring countries: (North, east, west and south) Phonetic transcription is also much more time- and hence also budget-consuming than orthographic transcription. 75 x1 Jeevin x0. A transcription which is made by using letters of the simplest. 5 x1 Jeevin x0. Transcribing phones is the key element of an IPA transcription. ID 8764. The full transcription of the interview is attached. Phonetic transcription is usually given in brackets /ˈɪŋ. The source can either be utterances ( speech or sign language) or preexisting text in another writing system . , [pʰɪn]). Basically, it is a visual representation of speech of sounds. : Advanced Phonetic Transcription: Vowels and Diacritics 103 ABSTRACT: This part of the tutorial on advanced pho-netic transcription stresses the importance of being able to transcribe non-English vowels when assessing clients with articulation and/or phonological disorders of vari-ous types. The IPA is used by lexicographers,. Phonetics and phonology. Practice pronunciation of apple and other English words with our Pronunciation. In particular, this article proposes an Indological transcription for Middle Chinese. 65) of Le. convert text to phonetic transcription learn to distinguish similar sounds, like in "b a d" and "b e d" learn phonetic symbols with an interactive IPA chart practice pronunciation with short simple sentences (video vocabulary builder for beginners) search words by phonetic transcription insert phonetic transcription into subtitles. Technically a radiotelephonic spelling alphabet, it goes by various names, including NATO spelling alphabet, ICAO phonetic alphabet and ICAO. Phoneticians study the anatomy and physics of sound generation, acoustic properties of the sounds of the world’s languages, the features of the signal that listeners use to perceive the message, and the brain mechanisms involved in both production and. si/ US /dɪˈmɑː. Each symbol corresponds to a phoneme. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word. Click on "Export" and choose your preferred file format. Features: - See phonetic transcription of the whole text, not just the dictionary forms of separate words. txt) Show phonetics. There is a fundamental distinction between a transcription of a concrete token. Balasubramanian The Cambridge Handbook of Phonetics 2021-12-02 Rachael-Anne Knight Phonetics - the study and classification of speech sounds - is a major sub-discipline of linguistics. The diphthong written as /ʊə/ represents the same vowel phoneme in both MD and HCE. 6. 75 x1 Jeevin x0. You can export to TXT, DOCX, PDF, HTML. re-CORD: She played my favorite RE-cord, and I wanted to re-CORD it. For example, in most dialects of English, with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north. Here's a free tool that provides multi-word transcriptions The Collins online dictionary provides IPA transcription as well as sound files, and it is free / unlimited. Downloadable worksheets: Alphabet with transcription Poster Level: elementary Age: 6-9 Downloads: 265 : PHONETICS - 4 pages reading practice ( transcription will show correctly after download - I tried it out) Level: elementary Age: 6-17 Downloads: 214 :Water - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription water American English: [ˈwɑtɚ] Mike x0. 5 x0. At passport control, an airport employee asks him about the purpose of his visit. Phonetic transcription. And what resounding names they are: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell. A phonetic transcription has additional details about the pronunciation, which would be enough information for a knowledgeable person to make himself understood, even if he is not familiar with the language being spoken. You’ll see how using IPA can improve your English pronunciation and help you to avoid pronunciation mistakes. Disputed: ㄷ Other; Other letters commonly used with: z(x), cz, dž, dz, sz, dzs, tzsch Writing direction: Left-to-Right: This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). 4. American ipa transcription of consensus democracy, click and hear the audio pronunciation multiple times and learn how to pronounce consensus democracy. 5 x0. The algorithm has two stages: the pre-processing stage where Arabic word letters are mapped to their IPA character equivalent on a one-to-one basis; and a second stage which involves the. Với Phonetic Transcription, bạn có thể luyện tập khả năng phát âm của mình một cách nhanh chóng và hiệu quả hơn. 5 x0. In English, schwa doesn't occur in stressed syllables. Phonetic transcription software refers to computer programs that are able to translate a sample of text using a phonetic alphabet. ) is preserved in phonetic transcription output making it easier to read. Then click on the IPA symbols for each English sound to open a popup window with sample words and transcriptions. Phonemic transcription gives less detail than phonetic transcription, and aims only to cover the information needed to avoid confusion. isiZulu. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Objective: This study investigated whether adding an additional modality, namely ultrasound tongue imaging (UTI), to perception-based phonetic transcription impacted on the identification of compensatory articulations and on interrater reliability. The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Irish-language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. - TS- Tonic syllable which carries the tone in a tone-unit. Juice, sin, service. This tool helps you convert your English text into standard IPA phonetic or phonetic spelling. Each diacritic indicates a different sound, helping. The Phonetics of Colloquial Tamil 1975 T. The IPA was created by the International Phonetic Association (unhelpfully also abbreviated IPA). 5 x1 Jeevin x0. Phonological and phonetic transcriptions. 5 x1 Jeevin x0. Abstract. Transcription (linguistics) Transcription in the linguistic sense is the systematic representation of spoken language in written form. Click the "Speak" button, and listen to the sound of input text in browsers that support TTS (Chrome, Safari, Firefox). Phonetic transcription (also known as phonetic script or phonetic notation) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or phones) by means of symbols. Cat - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription. Practice pronunciation of who and other English words with our Pronunciation Trainer. Narrow Impressionistic Phonetic Transcription. by Activitieslingu. Phonetic transcription, on the other hand, is useful in the exploration and reflection of psycholinguistics, pragmatics, rhetoric, communication analysis and so forth. The first sound in these words are usually aspirated, but. rə. 75 x1 Jeevin x0. Examples include Pyu (c. Learn more. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation of speech sounds in written form. Chapter 7 briefly surveys the most common uses of phonetic transcription, identifying the kinds of transcriptions made, who they are made by and who they are made for, and the level of knowledge of phonetic theory needed to make use of them. The symbol (r) indicates that British pronunciation will have /r/ only if a vowel sound follows directly at the beginning of the next word, as in far away; otherwise the /r/ is omitted. in such a way that each letter or letter group represents a sound: 2. Its name in English is pronounced / ˈkjuː /, most commonly spelled cue, but also kew, kue and que. The site offers a number of additional functionalities. The study of linguistic sounds is called Phonetics. The purpose is to describe the use of phonetic transcription in an English. It is a pointless nuisance both for readers and printers to insist on transcription such as Ama. Phonetic transcription helps us bridge the gap between how words are written and how they are actually pronounced. And what resounding names they are: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell. Save your work in the notepad. The international phonetic alphabet (IPA) The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA for short, is an ingenious system consisting of a set of symbols, each representing a specific speech sound or phoneme. g. Xóa văn bản Đăng tải file (. easy to use free tool for converting text from English to the International Phonetic Alphabet, allows you to play Text-to-Speech audio and suggest the right language based on detected language, English to IPA, Spanish to IPA, Portuguese to IPA, German to IPA, Italian to IPA, Polish to IPA, Esperanto to IPA. Validity Three validity concerns may be raised whenever per- ceptual judgments are made about speech and particular- Therefore, the IPA transcription of a word may have more or fewer letters than the normal spelling of the word - it is not a one-letter-to-one-symbol relationship. Phonetic transcriptions, English language -- Transcription, 18. 5 x0. You can enter any Danish, English or German word and it will be. xvi, 384 pages ; 25 cm. Patients and Methods: Thirty-nine English-speaking children aged 3–12 years with cleft lip and palate (CLP) were recorded producing. It is the second of two topics of phonetics course. It is devoted to the proposition that if a cat may look at a king, relating to, yet. wet. See full list of phonetic symbols used in the Cambridge Dictionary. Unlike the original study by Cleland et al. The symbol θ gives the sound of th as in thin, thick. It contains all the acceptable phonetic symbols. competent use of such a phonetic transcription system. A phonetic transcription is a way of representing sounds in print. Check all our tools and learn English faster! How to pronounce 'democracy' in English. When it comes to building your brand’s awareness, phonetic transcription can be a useful form of guidance in a company’s brand book. Data are ultimately traceable to real observed utterances even when a transcription expresses a generalisation about a whole population of. We don't want you to waste your time. - The structure of the text and sentences in it (line breaks, punctuation marks, etc. 5 x1 convert text to phonetic transcription learn to distinguish similar sounds, like in "bad" and "bed" learn phonetic symbols with an interactive IPA chart practice pronunciation with short simple sentences (video vocabulary builder for beginners) search words by phonetic transcription insert phonetic transcription into subtitles This tool is the online converter of English text to IPA phonetic transcription. 'Burmese script, IPA phonetic transcription, and English glossary of linguistic terminology The Grammar is the ideal reference source for intermediate to advanced learners and users of Burmese and will remain the standard reference work for years to come. This handy guide to understanding the IPA vowel sounds chart can help if you’re studying linguistics or want to learn more about pronunciation. A phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a given language. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs, their physiological production, acoustic properties, auditory perception, and neurophysiological status. → Let us now listen to the following. Research Proposal In Wireless Sensor Networks, Ancient Greek Democracy Essay, Allnurses Login, How To Include A Phonetic Transcription In An Essay, What A Reflection Essay Should Include, Free Math Homework Help Chat, Cover Letter Without Person To. Bringing together a team of internationally renowned phoneticians, this handbook provides comprehensive coverage ofThe (International) Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, commonly known as the NATO phonetic alphabet, is the most widely used set of clear code words for communicating the letters of the Roman alphabet. View Answer. Receive your transcript. Need help to Complete the exercises !!! Please. The algorithm to convert the words to phonetic transcription is based on a very complex set. i. Goldman, and Train&Align, by S. Phonetics for full powerpoint slides with manse; therefore likely source next word government is being considered first time when each question immediately arises: even remotely possible contrast with. An urgent message from the website founder (in English) check American English: [ˈtʃɛk] IPA /chEk/ phonetic spelling Mike x0. It helps speech-language pathologists accurately assess and diagnose speech disorders and. Thomas , Minnesota, where he teaches Intro to Justice and Peace Studies, Public. 4) an option to set the. 5 x1 British English: [kəmˈpjuːtə] IPA /kUHmpyOOtUH/ phonetic spelling Andrew x0. An accessible yet in-depth introductory textbook on the basic concepts of phonetics, fully updated and revised This broad, interdisciplinary textbook investigates how speech can be written down, how speech is produced, its acoustic characteristics, and how listeners perceive speech. She is the author of the successful Phonetics: A Coursebook (2012), and is a National Teaching Fellow and Principal Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Enter Alfred Gimson, Jones’ student and colleague, who later also held the post of the head of the Department of Phonetics and Linguistics at UCL. For the distinction between [ ], / / and , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Typical transcriptions feature the words people say verbatim, including thinking words and sounds such as “um,” “like,” “uh,” or “hmm. Ball et al. Check all our tools and learn English faster! How to pronounce 'through' in English. Hiển thị phiên âm IPA cho bất kỳ văn bản tiếng Anh nào của bạn. Note: - In Russian, the pronunciation of vowels is affected by word stress. 2. A narrower transcription is [ɛ̠ɐ̟], as it is a diphthong that starts below and more central than /e/ and glides to the frontest and closest allophone of /a/. 5 x1 Jeevin x0. Correct. 75 x1. A brief survey of various uses of phonetic transcription concludes the book. Written in English in a clear and engaging style and employing a minimum of technical jargon, it is the first German phonetics and phonology text to focus on theory and practice, covering topics ranging from the analysis of one's own speech to historical developments and regional variation. "Callo" and "cayo" are. Manuel Campos. The most common type of phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription is the process of transcribing words according to their specific phonetic pronunciations. 5 x1 Jeevin x0. 5 x0. Sales representatives and marketing professionals, as well as outside contractors can all benefit from this tool. 75 x1 Jeevin x0. c) Auditory phonetics. 7 Allophonic Transcription With the use of phonetic transcriptions, one can pronounce the words in the correct manner. Can you pronounce this word better or pronounce in different accent or variation ? Phonetic spelling of democracy demo-cracy democ-racy democ-ra-cy demo-oc-racy Add phonetic spelling Meanings for democracy true democracy This online converter of English text to IPA phonetic transcription will translate your English text into its phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet. This “aspirated p” sound has its own special symbol in the IPA: pʰ . By Dr. The only exceptions are premium features (Read the text aloud and Translate the text into your native language). Introduction -- Abbreviations used in this dictionary -- Phonetic transcription -- Transcription. is Professor of Phonetics at City, University of London, with interests in prosody, transcription and pedagogy. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. Phonetic transcription is indispensable for linguistic research. XML. An urgent message from the website founder (in English) cat American English: [ˈkæt] IPA /kAt/ phonetic spelling Mike x0. si/ More about phonetic symbols Sound-by-sound pronunciation UK /dɪˈmɒk. 2. Otherwise, phonetic symbols may not display correctly. com This page transcribes words to and from Received English (RP) pronunciation, which is the pronunciation scheme most dictionaries use. 2 The standard Australian English accent 16 1. Latin is often a thorny issue among scholars. 5 x0. Better - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription. Consonants. The first section reviews the literature on cases where children whose speech appears to neutralize a contrast in the adult language are found on closer examination to produce a contrast (covert contrast). 75 x1 [ˈbɛɾɚ] Jeevin x0. g. ) is preserved in phonetic transcription output making it easier to read. A verbatim transcription captures every sound made, such as throat clearing, laughter, verbal pauses (uh, ah, mm, er), doors slamming and phones ringing. . 75 x1 Lela x0. See full list of phonetic symbols used in the Cambridge Dictionary. Phonemic transcription is a type of phonetic transcription that uses fewer phonetic symbols – only one for each phoneme. IntroductionTheir - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription their American English: [ˈðɛr] IPA /THAIR/ phonetic spelling Mike x0. Phonetic transcription. A phonetician can't tell you whether that thing you heard is narrowly. Discover more about what it is and how to use it here. This paper is written through descriptive method or library research to discuss the use of phonetic transcription in the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL) using the International. ce), Tibetan (from 650 CE), Burmese (from 1113 CE), Newar (from 1114 CE), Lepcha (17th cent. 5 x0. The relationship between transcription and instrumental records is also examined. 75 x1 [ˈbɛɾɚ] Lela x0. The word 'Democracy' has 4 syllables. Enter Alfred Gimson, Jones’ student and colleague, who later also held the post of the head of the Department of Phonetics and Linguistics at UCL. 4 Articulatory phonetics A. a) True. Phonitique, printed entirely in phonetic transcription and consisting mostly of very brief contributions, by the present JIPA with its much longer scholarly articles. Downloaded from frebe. For example, "Modern Standard Chinese 声纳 shēngnà "sonar", uses the characters 声 shēng "sound" and 纳 nà "receive, accept". Features. [əɹ] denotes an [ə] vowel (schwa, or the mid-central vowel) followed by an [ɹ] (alveolar approximant, or "English R") sound. The value of phonetic transcription is unquestionable for phoneticians, linguists and speech researchers in general. For example, the IPA-chart-based phonetic transcription of the word HOME is hoʊm, and the transcription of COME is kʌm. Phonetic Quizzes as worksheets to print. Democracy Now! Occupy Wall Street; TV NSA Clip Library; Top. For each example, you are to provide a phonetic transcription in the right-hand column. 5th–13th cent. For example, the IPA symbol [ð] corresponds to the th sound at the beginning. 5 General Phonetic Transcription 4. 1. Taiwanese phonetic transcription system (DT) The Taiwanese phonetic transcription system, or Daī-ghî tōng-iōng pīng-im (臺語通用拼音), is a way of writing Taiwanese using the Latin alphabet. Hoàn toàn miễn phí . Phonetic transcription should follow the same process for all languages, with symbols representing the same sound. 5 x1 British English: [ˈsæd] IPA /sAd/ phonetic spellingThe phonetic representation captures the actual realisation of the word (marked between square brackets, e. A detailed history of phonetic. Allows you to insert the IPA phonetic transcription of a word or a sentence into your notes by clicking on the music note button: At the moment the following languages are available: British English (eng_b) American English (eng_a) Russian (ru) German (ger) French (fr) Spanish (es) Polish (pl) Dutch (nl) SETUP Install the add-on in Anki. phonetic adj. ter . XML. Practice pronunciation of shoes and other English words with our Pronunciation. Transcription should not be confused with translation, which means representing the meaning of text. There is a short glossary of technical terms, and an Appendix containing the most recently updated IPA, ExtIPA, VoQS and IPA Braille charts, plus an ‘elaborated’ IPA chart. You can look at one possible solution. rə. Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. Quick Guide to Finding Phonetic Sym. This is a free intermediate English grammar quiz and esl worksheet. Survey and taxonomy of the different types of phonetic transcription: impressionistic versus systematic, and alphabetic versus analphabetic. In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme ( / ˈfoʊniːm /) is a set of phones that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language . Transcribing speech sounds also allows for targeted intervention and the development of personalized therapy plans. 5, see the spelling and/or phonetic transcription of. 1 The rationale for using phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription is an instrument of control for language learners who seek to enhance the quality of their pronunciation. So that is the system you’re looking for. Phonemic Transcription Phonemic transcription uses a restricted set of symbols to capture the meaningful sound contrasts of a language. [countable] something that is represented in writing This dictionary gives phonetic transcriptions of all headwords. Includes bibliographical references (pxiii-xvi) and index. It should be noted that. ”. It is better to learn the Russian alphabet using audio samples. Go - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription. These languages have phonetic symbols. The “b” sound as in “be” or “able”. Narrow Impressionistic Phonetic Transcription. It probably addresses your needs. Stressed vowels are pronounced clearly. The implementation of an epistocratic system of governance within the Nigerian context must be incremental, bearing in mind that Nigeria’s democracy is still evolving. Abstract. Unlimited Daily Phonetic Transcriptions Unlimited transcription exports (export via text, PNG images, and CSV spreadsheets) NEW WAYS TO TRANSCRIBE SPEECH Audio file transcription - Import audio files directly from the Voice Memos or Files app and instantly transcribe the speech in the recording to IPA. Brognaux et al. The official chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. By Matthew Pearl. 5 x0. Revision exercises; Transcription. Its name in English is e (pronounced / ˈiː / ); plural es, Es or E's. 4. The marking on the “e” sound. The open front vowel /æ/ is a phonetic diphthong, transcribed [ɛɐ] in this article. First, open the text and predict an SBE speaker’s pronunciation. We already created computer-generated audio for each. 6. These cards can be used to practise your… Reading Comprehension using the translation; Pronunciation using the phonetics transcription; Oral Comprehension using the short audioTypes of Transcription. International Phonetic Alphabet, also called IPA, is an international alphabet used by linguists to accurately represent the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) in human speech. Australian English is notable for vowel length contrasts which are absent from most English dialects. British English Phonetic Transcription provides an accessible introduction to phonemic, phonetic and intonational transcription with a focus on British English. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is y . e. Phonetic Board Game using IPA Decoding. -P. krə. 460000 121 ih t s 0. Other tools for forced phonetic alignment include: EasyAlign, by J. A…. 5 x1 Jeevin x0. Try. The accent mark is known as a breve. 5x0. JANE SETTER is Professor of Phonetics at the University of Reading, with inter- 4. 5 x1 British English: [ˈvɔɪs] IPA /vOIs/ phonetic spelling Andrew x0. It was first published in 1888 and was revised several times in the 20th and 21st centuries. This is how to write DEMOCRACY in phonemic script:. 3 Broadness 18 1. 75 x1 Jeevin x0. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is j . The implementation of an epistocratic system of governance within the Nigerian context must be incremental, bearing in mind that Nigeria’s democracy is still evolving. Catford, in original phonetic transcription, for the 1939 January–March issue (vol. 5. representing speech sounds by means of symbols that have. Hello everyone! In my previous post, I explained you about 12 Monophthongs or pure vowels. . In phonetics —the study of the actual sounds produced by the vocal tract, transmitted through the air, and received by the ear—slashes are used for a broader transcription and brackets for a narrower transcription. 5 x1 British English: [ˈʌndə] IPAThey too are identified, p. 5 x0. There are different ways of transcribing that vowel, e. In this textbook, we will use a widespread standard transcription system called the International Phonetic Alphabet (abbreviated IPA ). amlaformulatorsschool. Broad transcription indicates only the more noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic variations of the specific allophones in the utterance. They ask speakers to read words. The transcription of covert recordings used as evidence in court is a huge issue for forensic linguistics. 75 x1 Jeevin x0. Linguist Daniel Kane wrote,. phonetic: [adjective] representing the sounds and other phenomena of speech: such as. People - pronunciation: audio and phonetic transcription people American English: [ˈpipəɫ] IPA /pEEpUHl/ phonetic spelling Mike x0. 2. Books British English Phonetic Transcription Free Phonetic Transcription Exercises With Answers An Introduction to English Phonetics Google Books. 695. Phonetic transcription uses symbols to record the phonemes (the smallest distinct units of sound in a language), rather than the actual words spoken. Check the advanced options and discover all the available settings: set the playback speed: x1, x0. Phonetic Transcription. chulavistaca. Allophonic variation covered in this chapter exemplifies further the interplay between the physical and mental aspects of speech in the phonetics-phonology system underlying speech. xvi, 384 pages ; 25 cm. The written text seems to have been prepared during the mid-sixteenth century, after the Spanish conquest, but the manuscript is lost. On the other.